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TIME: Almanac 1995
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<text id=89TT2233>
<title>
Aug. 28, 1989: Lebanon:A Preview Of The Apocalypse
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
Aug. 28, 1989 World War II:50th Anniversary
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
WORLD, Page 23
LEBANON
A Preview of The Apocalypse
</hdr><body>
<p>A war without end tests the limits of endurance in Beirut
</p>
<p> Factional strife has ripped Lebanon again and again over
the past 14 years, numbing outrage at the carnage. But last week
Beirut seemed to offer a grisly preview of the apocalypse. The
fighting between Christian soldiers and Muslim and Syrian
soldiers rose to a pitch that tested the limits of human
endurance and forced the outside world to take notice. "Beirut
is being wiped off the face of the earth," cried the Christian
Voice of Lebanon radio. Rival Muslim station Voice of the Nation
shared, at least, the agony. "Is this meaningless war going to
continue until the last Lebanese is dead?"
</p>
<p> It certainly seems that way. The ferocious shelling gave
way only for lulls to permit both sides to reload. Calls for a
cease-fire were drowned out by the volcanic bombardments.
Western officials wrung their hands and made vain appeals to
reason. But the sky continued to rain fire and death on the city
in a prolonged paroxysm of violence.
</p>
<p> There is not much the watching world can do to stop it.
Bitterly stung by previous attempts to serve as a buffer among
Lebanon's feuding militias, Europe and the U.S. steered clear
of direct intervention, appealing instead for a campaign of
international pressure to quiet the guns. The U.N. Security
Council urged an immediate cease-fire. Pope John Paul II blamed
Damascus for "genocide." But the pleas had little impact on a
situation that is governed by passion and irrationality. Unless
a cease-fire can be brokered quickly, Syria and its allies might
risk an all out assault to crush the Christian forces.
</p>
<p> The adversaries have been shelling each other mercilessly
since March, when Major General Michel Aoun, the determined
Christian President of the divided nation, clamped a blockade
on Muslim ports and declared a "war of liberation" against
Syria. Last week came intimations of a more serious escalation
in hostilities. Syrian-backed Muslim forces attempted to invade
the Christian sector. Aoun's troops successfully repulsed the
ground attack on the town of Suq al Gharb, the gateway to the
Christian stronghold in the southeast of the capital. The battle
of Beirut appeared to be entering a crucial phase.
</p>
<p> Damascus denied that any Syrian troops, who entered Lebanon
as peacekeepers in 1976 and neglected to leave, had taken part
in the assault. Yet plainly Syria was deeply involved. A Muslim
officer who fought under Aoun stated that both Druze and Syrian
forces advanced on Suq al Gharb, then turned back under heavy
Christian fire, leaving 35 dead Syrians behind. In Damascus,
Syrian President Hafez Assad convened representatives of various
Muslim, Druze and Palestinian militias to map out a combat plan
to topple Aoun. The war council aroused international concern
that Syria, which has upwards of 30,000 troops inside Lebanon,
might be preparing to invade the 300-sq.-mi. Christian enclave.
Despite the evident danger, none of the combatants seem willing
to back down. Syria stated flatly that there could be no
cease-fire in Beirut until Aoun stepped aside. Responded Aoun:
"A cease-fire is not the national objective. The Syrian regime
does not belong in this country." To the Western leaders who
pleaded from the sidelines, he said, "If declarations are all
the rest of the world can offer, I would prefer the rest of the
world shut up."
</p>
<p> Only France made some serious attempts to build pressure.
In addition to deploying two warships to the region, President
Francois Mitterrand dispatched a flood of envoys to Moscow and
key Arab League capitals, which command some leverage over
Syria. But Mitterrand's diplomacy cut little ice in Lebanon,
where France is regarded as an ally of the Maronites, or in
Damascus, where France is suspect for its support of Iraq in the
gulf war.
</p>
<p> At the heart of Lebanon's misery is a 1943 "national pact"
reaffirming that the predominance of power would be held by the
majority Christian community. Since then, the Muslim population
has overwhelmed the Christian count, but the political
arrangements have not been altered to reflect the Muslims'
strength. Until that imbalance is redressed, tribal hostilities
will not cease.
</p>
<p> Lebanon's turf war is hopelessly entangled in other
conflicts. Aoun and Assad have developed a deep personal
animosity. Aoun regards Assad as the head of an occupational
force, which must be driven out. Assad, who considers Lebanon
part of Greater Syria, has been embarrassed that in the past six
months Aoun's smaller forces have held the Muslims at bay.
"Assad doesn't want to annihilate the Christians," says retired
Israeli Brigadier General Aharon Levran. "He just wants Aoun's
head."
</p>
<p> Aoun gets help from Iraq, eager to exact revenge for
Syria's support of Iran in the gulf war. Baghdad has been
shipping weapons to the Christians mainly to gall Syria. Long
rivals for hegemony in the region, the two Arab giants seem to
be fighting a proxy war on Lebanese soil. The struggle for
control of Lebanon is further confused by the power contest in
Tehran and the fate of the 15 foreign hostages.
</p>
<p> Western leaders are trying to halt the slaughter through
international pressure on Assad. The Syrian President does not
wish to offend the West when his country sorely needs economic
help. Nor can Assad calculate Israel's or Iraq's response to an
assault by his troops that would amount to Syrian control of
Lebanon.
</p>
<p> But both Assad and Aoun seem bent on the same deadly
gambit: Damascus hopes the violence will turn Christians against
Aoun; the Maronite leader hopes it will bring intervention from
the West against Syria. Meantime, it is the people of Lebanon
who continue to suffer, particularly those -- Muslim and
Christian alike -- who live in Beirut, where the shells have
killed almost 800 and wounded over 2,000 since March. The
fortunate have fled, paring the city's population from 1.5
million to just 150,000. Those who remain huddle by night in
airless underground shelters, listening to the sounds of
destruction. Those who venture out by day find their streets
overrun by starving dogs and giant rats and occupied by
implacable soldiers. "They are murdering the city," says one
forlorn resident. The fear is that the remaining people may be
murdered as well.
</p>
</body></article>
</text>